No, actually that armor I just listed is only for anti-cavalry attack. Cataphracts and Elite Cataphracts have 2/1 armor, before upgrades. Let us assume that neither the Camel, nor the Cataphract have any upgrades. The Camel has an attack bonus of +10 against the Cataphract. However, the armor of the Cataphract is 12. 10-12=-2, which turns into a 0. (So, no, they never let an attack bonus count against you.) So the next part is the base attack. Camels have 5 base attack, but Cataphracts have 2 armor. 5-2=3, so Camels do 0+3=3 damage against the Cataphract. It is the same result for Elite Cataphracts, actually.
The Cataphract has no bonus against Camels, but it does have 9 attack, against the Camel's 0 armor. So the Cataphract does 9 damage per strike.
However, for a Heavy Camel, which has an attack bonus of 18, the attack bonus minus the armor is 18-12=6. The regular attack is 7, but the Cataphract has regular armor of 2, so 7-2=5 regular damage. 6+5=11 damage, which is what you will find the Heavy Camel doing to a regular Cataphract with each strike. (Elite Cataphracts take 7 damage each strike, instead)
Try it out with Heavy Camels, instead! (If you choose to make it in the Post-Imperial Age, add 1 damage for each, two if the recipient's civilization lacks Plate Barding Armor.)
The Cataphract has no bonus against Camels, but it does have 9 attack, against the Camel's 0 armor. So the Cataphract does 9 damage per strike.
However, for a Heavy Camel, which has an attack bonus of 18, the attack bonus minus the armor is 18-12=6. The regular attack is 7, but the Cataphract has regular armor of 2, so 7-2=5 regular damage. 6+5=11 damage, which is what you will find the Heavy Camel doing to a regular Cataphract with each strike. (Elite Cataphracts take 7 damage each strike, instead)
Try it out with Heavy Camels, instead! (If you choose to make it in the Post-Imperial Age, add 1 damage for each, two if the recipient's civilization lacks Plate Barding Armor.)